| Type of microorganism |
Fungus |
| Microorganism name |
Rhizopus oryzae
|
| Temperature range |
30-35° C (Mycorena AB, 2022)
|
| pH range |
pH 5-6 (Mycorena AB, 2022)
|
| Carbon and nitrogen source |
Sucrose, NH4+ (Mycorena AB, 2022)
|
| Growth rate (µ) |
NA |
| Companies (product) |
Mycorena (no product on the market that contains R. oryzae, but has filed a patent using R. oryzae)
|
| Wild-type or GMO |
Wild-type |
| Feedstock case studies (suitable substrates) |
|
| % SCP (w/w percentage of protein in dried biomass) |
|
| cell biomass dry weight (CDW) = biomass yield? (g/L or g/g?) (weight of biomass/total weight or volume) |
20-30% (w/w) (Mycorena AB, 2022) on pilot scale on glucose or sucrose as C source
|
| Protein content in final product |
No prodcut on the market |
| Protein titer (g/L or g/g?) grams of protein / total weight or volume |
12-18% (w/w) (own calculations based on Mycorena AB (2022)) on pilot scale on glucose or sucrose as C source
|
| Productivity (g/Lh) |
0.134 (Mycorena AB, 2022) on pilot scale
|
| Protein yield on C-source (% w/w) |
8% (w/w) on glucose medium on lab scale in flask (Karimi et al., 2021) *
|
| Scale |
Pilot scale (300 L) (Mycorena AB, 2022)
|
| Downstream purification processing complexity |
No info about downstream proces, most likely similar processing as other fungi products. |
| Nucleic acid content |
Not specifially stated, but likely around 10% as most fungi |
| Techno-functional and/or nutritional properties (e.g. meat-like texture, amino acid profile, digestibility) |
High protein content (all amino acids), meat-like texture (Mycorena AB, 2022)
|
| Target application (Food, feed, other) |
|
| Advantages |
Test products made from R.oryzae had a more appealing look as compared to existing meat alternatives (Mycorena AB, 2022)
|
| Challenges (Key limitations, risk factors) |
Only recently explored for use in feed and food. No product on the market yet. Not approved by any country. Risk factors not investigated yet. |
| Regulatory status in Europe |
R. oryzae for use in classical fermented does not fall under the Novel Food regulation and is thus allowed. The use of R. oryzae in biomass fermentation is considered as Novel Food and needs to be authorized before use (no such case yet, since there is no product). |
| Regulatory status in other parts of the world |
Not approved as a biomass fermentation product in US, Canada or Singapore |
| Extra/remark |
R. oryzae is generally used to produce fermentation products in Asian cultures such as tempeh, oncom and Makgeolli (Martín-Miguélez et al., 2025)
|
| Publications/references |
-
Bajić, B., Vučurović, D., Vasić, Đ., Jevtić-Mučibabić, R., & Dodić, S. (2022). Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Microbial Proteins from Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products. Foods, 12(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010107
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Amara, A. A., & El-Baky, N. A. (2023). Fungi as a Source of Edible Proteins and Animal Feed. Journal of Fungi, 9(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9010073
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Rajput, S. D., Pandey, N., & Sahu, K. (2024). A comprehensive report on valorization of waste to single cell protein: strategies, challenges, and future prospects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(18), 26378–26414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33004-7
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Mycorena AB. (2022). Food Product Comprising a Pure Fungi Biomass (No. 20220000162). https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2022/0000162.html
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Martín-Miguélez, J. M., Bross, J., Prado, D., Merino, E., Moré, R. P., Otero, J., Aduriz, A. L., & Delgado, J. (2025). Review: Rhizopus sp. beyond tempeh. An Occidental approach to mold-based fermentations. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 39, 101090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.101090
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Barnharst, T., Sun, X., Rajendran, A., Urriola, P., Shurson, G., & Hu, B. (2021). Enhanced protein and amino acids of corn–ethanol co-product by Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 44(9), 1989–2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02580-0
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Karimi, S., Soofiani, N. M., Mahboubi, A., Ferreira, J. A., Lundh, T., Kiessling, A., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2021). Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Pure Filamentous Fungal Biomass as a Novel Ingredient for Fish Feed. Fermentation, 7(3), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030152
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